(USMLE topics, cardiology, blood disorders) Genetics, different forms of SCD, pathophysiology, and treatment. This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/heart-and-blood-circulation-videos/-/medias/20d89e5d-4da4-4e1d-8f53-5a293088ad11-sickle-cell-disease-narrated-animation
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Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders in which the body produces abnormally-shaped red blood cells that look like crescent moons or sickles. Sickle cells have a shorter-than-normal life span; their premature destruction results in shortage of red cells, known as anemia. Signs of anemia include shortness of breath, fatigue, and delayed growth in children. Unlike normal red cells which are pliant, sickle cells are rigid and also sticky. They may clump together and stick to the walls of blood vessels, causing obstruction in small vessels and subsequent reduced oxygen supply to various organs. This happens repeatedly and manifests as periodic episodes of pain, called crises, which can last hours to days, and may result in organ damage, especially in the eyes, lungs, kidneys, bones and brain. The spleen has to handle large numbers of dead red cells and becomes enlarged and fibrous, its immune function declines, making the body more vulnerable to infections. In an attempt to compensate for blood cell loss, the bone marrow tries to produce more cells and grows larger, causing bones to weaken. Other signs include jaundice, a result of rapid destruction of heme.
Hemoglobin is the major component of red blood cells and is responsible for oxygen transport. The adult hemoglobin, or hemoglobin A, is composed of 4 protein chains: 2 alpha and 2 beta. The beta subunit is encoded by the HBB gene. Several mutations in HBB gene are responsible for the disease. Each individual has two copies of HBB gene. The disease develops when both copies are mutated, producing no normal beta globin. The 2 copies may be mutated differently, producing two different forms of abnormal beta subunits in the same person. Various combinations of these mutations produce different forms of sickle cell disease, but the most common and also most severe, called sickle cell anemia, is caused by 2 copies of the same mutation producing the mutated hemoglobin S. Each copy comes from a parent. The 2 parents each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show any symptoms. This pattern of inheritance is called autosomal recessive.
Hemoglobin S has the tendency to form polymers under low oxygen conditions. This process is called sickling, or gelation, for the gel-like consistency of the resulting polymer. As the polymer filaments grow, they eventually involve the cell membrane and distort the cell into the characteristic crescent shape. Apart from oxygen tension, the presence of other hemoglobins also seems to affect the sickling process. Normal adult hemoglobin inhibits sickling and this explains why heterozygous parents, who produce both mutated hemoglobin S and normal hemoglobin A, do not usually develop the disease. Fetal hemoglobin F, which has 2 gamma chains in place of 2 beta chains, also suppresses sickling. Infants born with the condition seem to benefit from high levels of fetal hemoglobin in the first few months of life: they do not develop symptoms until the age of 6 months or so, when fetal hemoglobin levels drop.
Bone marrow transplantation is currently the only known cure for sickle cell disease. It involves replacing the diseased stem cells in the bone marrow with healthy cells from an eligible donor, usually a relative. The procedure however is complex and finding a suitable donor can be difficult. In most cases, treatments aim to avoid crises, relieve symptoms and prevent complications.
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Sickle Cell Anemia. Written by Paulo César Naoum and Alia F. M. Naoum.

A São José do Rio Preto’s Science and Technology Academy video.
www.ciencianews.com.br

Animated by Birdo Studio
www.birdo.com.br

Full Credits:
Production: Birdo
Script: Dr. Paulo César Naoum, Aliá F. M. Naoum
Direction: Luciana Eguti, Paulo Muppet
Storyboard: Paulo Muppet
Design: Rafael Gallardo
Animation and additional design: Antonio Linhares, Fernando Finamore, Pedro Eboli, Rafael Gallardo, William Iamazi Ferro
Sound design: Rafael Gallardo, Antonio Linhares

2011

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Lifestyle and behavioral interventions are often key components of clinical treatment strategies, but at times are the most challenging for patients to implement. Laboratory testing can aid clinicians in designing the type and degree of interventions that can best target the patient’s needs, resulting in the biggest impact. This webinar will focus on how to utilize laboratory testing to uncover hidden lifestyle factors affecting patient health and the current ways to approach lifestyle modifications in your practice. In addition, a review of key profiles— including the NutrEval, Adrenal Stress Profile, and Food Antibody tests—will provide clinicians with enhanced tools to support patients making lifestyle and behavioral changes, by determining what changes can result in the greatest outcomes.

Objectives:
1. How clinicians can utilize laboratory testing to support lifestyle changes
2. Learn current strategies and tools for successfully enacting positive behavior changes in your practice
3. What specific changes have the biggest impact on changing test results and improving health

Presented by:

Michael Chapman, NDMichael Chapman, ND

Michael Chapman, N.D., is a licensed naturopathic physician who graduated from Bastyr University in Seattle, Washington. Upon graduation, he spent three years in private practice before joining the team at Genova Diagnostics. His areas of clinical focus are hormone regulation, gastrointestinal health, and autonomic balance.

Prior to medical school, Dr. Chapman earn his Bachelor of Science degree from Indiana University with a focus in neuropsychology. He later worked as a microbiologist performing pharmaceutical research on cancer cell lines.

Dr. Chapman has a passion for learning and helping others come to a greater understanding of the vast and dynamic processes that exist and interact within the human body.

You can help prevent high blood pressure by having a healthy lifestyle. This means:

Eating a healthy diet. To help manage your blood pressure, you should limit the amount of sodium (salt) that you eat and increase the amount of potassium in your diet. It is also important to eat foods that are lower in fat, as well as plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. The DASH eating plan is an example of an eating plan that can help you to lower your blood pressure.
Getting regular exercise. Exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight and lower your blood pressure. You should try to get moderate-intensity aerobic exercise at least 2 and a half hours per week, or vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise for 1 hour and 15 minutes per week. Aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking, is any exercise in which your heart beats harder and you use more oxygen than usual.
Being at a healthy weight. Being overweight or having obesity increases your risk for high blood pressure. Maintaining a healthy weight can help you control high blood pressure and reduce your risk for other health problems.
Limiting alcohol. Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure. It also adds extra calories, which may cause weight gain. Men should have no more than two drinks per day, and women only one.
Not smoking. Cigarette smoking raises your blood pressure and puts you at higher risk for heart attack and stroke. If you do not smoke, do not start. If you do smoke, talk to your health care provider for help in finding the best way for you to quit.
Managing stress. Learning how to relax and manage stress can improve your emotional and physical health and lower high blood pressure. Stress management techniques include exercising, listening to music, focusing on something calm or peaceful, and meditating.

If you already have high blood pressure, it is important to prevent it from getting worse or causing complications. You should get regular medical care and follow your prescribed treatment plan. Your plan will include healthy lifestyle habit recommendations and possibly medicines.

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Why is Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans) occurs more often in smokers than non-smokers? How can we treat it when diagnosed? Have you ever felt tingling or numbness in your hands or feet? Or that your hands or feet are pale or blue in color? Buerger’s disease is a rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In Buerger’s disease in which your blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with blood clots.

RESOURCES & LINKS:
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Questions discussed with Doctor Gwon (Leading doctor at Korea University Anam Hospital)
– What is thromboangiitis obliterans and which vessels are affected in this disease?
– What are the symptoms of Buerger’s disease?
– What are the causes of this disease? Is it like bad habits, or is it related to heredity, for example?
– What are the methods of diagnosis of Buerger’s disease?
– Can you tell us a little bit in detail about the modern medical or surgical treatments?
– Buerger’s disease, does it have certain complications on the legs?
– Is there any way to prevent it?

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► Doctor’s Profile: https://icloudhospital.com/doctor_detail/jun-gyo-gwon

► If you have any health issues contact us anytime, we here to help at CloudHospital – https://icloudhospital.com/

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#BuergerDisease #BuergerDiseaseSymptoms #BuergerDiseaseTreatment #CloudHospital

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When I consider purchasing an individual health insurance plan for myself or my family, do I have any financial obligations beyond the monthly premium and annual deductible?

Answers: It depends on the plan, but some plans have the following cost-sharing elements that you should be aware of.

Co-Payments: Some plans include a co-payment, which is typically a specific flat fee you pay for each medical service, such as for an office visit. After the co-payment is made, the insurance company typically pays the remainder of the covered medical charges.

Deductibles: Some plans include a deductible, which typically refers to the amount of money you must pay each year before your health insurance plan starts to pay for covered medical expenses.

Coinsurance: Some plans include coinsurance. Coinsurance is a cost sharing requirement that makes you responsible for paying a certain percentage of any costs. The insurance company pays the remaining percentage of the covered medical expenses after your insurance deductible is met.

Out-of-pocket limit: Some plans include an out-of-pocket limit. Typically, the out-of-pocket limit is the maximum amount you will pay out of your own pocket for covered medical expenses in a given year. The out-of-pocket limit typically includes deductibles and coinsurance. But, out-of-pocket limits don’t typically apply to co-payments.

Lifetime maximum: Most plans include a lifetime maximum. Typically the lifetime maximum is the amount your insurance plan will pay for covered medical expenses in the course of your lifetime.

Exclusions & Limitations: Most health insurance carriers disclose exclusions & limitations of their plans. It is always a good idea to know what benefits are limited and which services are excluded on your plan. You will be obligated to pay for 100% of services that are excluded on your policy.

Beginning September 23, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (health care reform) begins to phase out annual dollar limits. Starting on September 23, 2012, annual limits on health insurance plans must be at least million. By 2014 no new health insurance plan will be permitted to have an annual dollar limit on most covered benefits.

Some health insurance plans purchased before March 23, 2010 have what is called “grandfathered status.” Health Insurance Plans with Grandfathered status are exempt from several changes required by health care reform including this phase out of annual limits on health coverage.

If you purchased your health insurance policy after March 23, 2010 and you’re due for a routine preventive care screening like a mammogram or colonoscopy, you may be able to receive that preventive care screening without making a co-payment. You can talk to your insurer or your licensed eHealthInsurance agent if you need help determining whether or not you qualify for a screening without a co-payment.

There are five important changes that occurred with individual and family health insurance policies on September 23, 2010.

Those changes are:
1. Added protection from rate increases: Insurance companies will need to publically disclose any rate increases and provide justification before raising your monthly premiums.
2. Added protection from having insurance canceled: An insurance company cannot cancel your policy except in cases of intentional misrepresentations or fraud.
3. Coverage for preventive care: Certain recommended preventive services, immunizations, and screenings will be covered with no cost sharing requirement.
4. No lifetime maximums on health coverage: No lifetime limits on the dollar value of those health benefits deemed to be essential by the Department of Health and Human Services.
5. No pre-existing condition exclusions for children: If you have children under the age of 19 with pre-existing medical conditions, their application for health insurance cannot be declined due to a pre-existing medical condition. In some states a child may need to wait for the state’s open-enrollment period before their application will be approved.
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MABBY’S VIEW BEACH RESORT VIRTUAL TOUR – OTON,ILOILO

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