Bacterial Disease | Health | Biology | FuseSchool

Did you know that it wasn’t until around 200 years ago that people knew what caused infectious diseases? Before that, they believed that one cause was ‘bad air’, and so they carried around bunches of sweet-smelling flowers to sweeten the scent of the air and prevent disease.

Thanks to the invention of the microscope, and the experiments carried out by scientists, we now know that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.

In this video we’re going to look at how bacteria can cause disease in humans.

CONTENT
0:00 intro
0:06 history of bacterial diseases
0:27 causes of infectious diseases
0:39 what are bacteria?
0:55 salmonella food poisoning
1:29 gonorrhoea
2:13 tuberculosis (TB)
2:45 stomach ulcers
3:22 conclusion

CREDITS
Animation & Design: Reshenda Wakefield
Narration: Dale Bennett
Script: Gemma Young

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Risk factors are things that increase the chance that a person will develop a certain disease. Lots of these are lifestyle choices that we make everyday. Learn the links you need to know, and how disease can affect society at large.

Read the full research online:http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6398

Lucy Chappell and colleagues identify certain lifestyle factors that make it more likely for a woman to have a normal pregnancy.

They include increasing fruit intake before pregnancy, being a healthy weight, reducing blood pressure, stopping drug and alcohol misuse, and being in paid employment during pregnancy.

Although further work is needed to determine whether these associations have causal importance, this study implies that targeted interventions that encourage women to make healthy choices before and during pregnancy “may increase the likelihood of normal pregnancy outcomes,” write the authors.

Previous research has focused on the association between risk factors and subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes, but little is known about factors associated with subsequent healthy pregnancies.

Researchers from the UK, Ireland and New Zealand therefore carried out a study to identify factors at 15-20 weeks’ gestation associated with a subsequent uncomplicated pregnancy. Their aim was to highlight those factors amenable to change before pregnancy, thereby informing decisions about interventions that could increase the likelihood of a normal outcome.

A total of 5,628 healthy women with singleton births (and no previous pregnancies) were recruited to the Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints study between November 2004 and August 2008 (3196 from Australia and New Zealand and 2432 from the UK and Ireland).

The primary outcome was uncomplicated pregnancy defined as a “normotensive pregnancy, delivered at more than 37 weeks resulting in a live born baby who was not small for gestational age and did not have any other significant pregnancy complications”.

Of the 5,628 women, 3,452 (61%) had an uncomplicated pregnancy. A lower proportion of women in the UK and Ireland had an uncomplicated pregnancy (58%) compared with women in Australasia (63%).

The most common reasons for a complicated pregnancy in the mother were gestational hypertension (8%) and pre-eclampsia (5%) and in babies was being small for gestational age (11%) and spontaneous preterm birth (4%).

Factors amenable to improvement that reduced the likelihood of an uncomplicated pregnancy (that is, were detrimental) were increasing body mass index and blood pressure and misuse of drugs (including binge drinking) in the first trimester.

Factors amenable to improvement that increased the likelihood of an uncomplicated pregnancy (that is, were beneficial) were high fruit intake in the month before pregnancy and being in paid employment 15 weeks into pregnancy.

Detrimental factors that could not be altered were being in a lower socio-economic group, high blood pressure before pregnancy while taking oral contraceptive pills, family history of high blood pressure in pregnancy and bleeding during pregnancy.

Lifestyle recommendations already exist for non-hypertensive people to optimise their blood pressure through physical exercise, weight reduction, limiting salt intake and alcohol consumption, and consuming a healthy diet, explain the authors. “Our study suggests that adoption of these choices seems to be beneficial in determining uncomplicated pregnancy.”

For example, a 5 mm Hg reduction of maternal systolic blood pressure would increase the proportion of uncomplicated pregnancies by 3% equating to 24,674 more UK women having an uncomplicated pregnancy. They say, however, that this requires demonstration in a randomised controlled trial.

They point to a “growing interest” in promotion of health and normality, rather than a focus on adverse outcomes and say that, if confirmed, “this study should inform development of interventions to increase normal pregnancy outcomes.”

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