What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? IBS is a condition that involves recurrent abdominal pain as well as abnormal bowel motility, which can include diarrhea and/or constipation.

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Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. Under a microscope, they look like balls, rods, or spirals. They are so small that a line of 1,000 could fit across a pencil eraser. Most types of don’t make you sick. Many types are helpful. Some of them help to digest food, destroy disease-causing cells, and give the body needed vitamins. Bacteria are also used in making healthy foods like yogurt and cheese.

But infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick. Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli.

Antibiotics are the usual treatment. When you take antibiotics, follow the directions carefully. Each time you take antibiotics, you increase the chances that bacteria in your body will learn to resist them causing antibiotic resistance. Later, you could get or spread an infection that those antibiotics cannot cure.

NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Introduction to infectious diseases: microorganisms, normal microbial flora, routes of transmission, virulence factors, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. For patient education.
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All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by microorganisms, or microbes, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. There are trillions of microbe species, but only several thousands are disease-causing organisms, or pathogens. In fact, many species live inside or on human body, constituting the so-called normal microbial flora, which is not only harmless but also helpful in protecting the human host from invasion by pathogens.
Infectious diseases can be acquired in different ways: through direct or non-direct contacts with an infected person, via consumption of contaminated foods, having a contaminated medical device, from an infected mother to the child during pregnancy or birth, via contacts with an infected animal or animal waste, or through bites from carriers, such as mosquitoes or ticks.
The pathogens can be inhaled in contaminated aerosol droplets, consumed in food or drinks, or enter the nose, mouth, or eyes as people handle contaminated objects then touch their face. Organisms that spread through body fluids are usually transmitted via sexual contacts, blood transfer or skin wounds.
The normal flora is usually harmless, but can cause disease in people with a weakened immune system. Resident bacteria may also cause infection if they enter parts of the body that are supposed to be free of germs, which can happen during an injury or surgery. Overuse of antibiotics may kill protective bacteria, allowing opportunistic pathogens to thrive and cause disease.
The ability of an organism to infect and damage a host is determined by its virulence. The higher the virulence of a pathogen, the more severe the disease it can cause. Virulence factors are molecules or structures that enable the pathogen to invade host tissues or evade immune defense.
Some bacteria use adhesive hair-like projections, called fimbriae or pili, to bind to host cells and establish a starting point for tissue invasion; others use specialized molecules, called adhesins, for the same purpose. Viruses use spike proteins on their surface to bind and enter host cells.
Some bacteria have a capsule that helps them resist being “eaten” by phagocytes. Others produce enzymes or toxins that prevent phagosome maturation or counteract the lytic effect of lysozyme.
Pathogens are capable of interfering with virtually any aspects of the host immune system. Among other mechanisms, they can impair antibody production, or produce super-antigens, which induce non-specific activation of T-cells and massive cytokine release.
Some viruses can remain dormant inside host cells, effectively hiding from the host immune system.
Bacteria may develop resistance to antibiotics, thus evading treatment.
Uncontrolled growth of pathogens destroys host tissues, producing symptoms. Infection triggers the body’s inflammatory response, which brings immune cells to the site to fight the invader. While inflammation is an important defense mechanism, it may become excessive and cause damage to the body’s own tissues, contributing to the severity of the disease.
Many bacteria release exotoxins that cause damage to body systems. Most toxins are produced during the course of infection, but there are also pre-formed toxins, such as those responsible for food poisoning, that can evoke disease even in the absence of the bacteria.
Gram-negative bacteria have an endotoxin as part of their outer membrane. This endotoxin is responsible for excessive release of inflammatory mediators and pro-coagulant factors that can be lethal in septic patients.
Diagnosis is based on symptoms and lab tests that indicate the presence, and possibly, identity of the pathogen.
Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics are used to treat infections by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, respectively.
Transmission of infectious diseases can be largely minimized by practicing personal hygiene, especially hand washing. Vaccines, when available, are the most effective prevention measures. Antibiotics may sometimes be given for prophylactic purposes.

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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
0:50 Causes of Behçet’s disease
1:30 Symptoms of Behçet’s disease
3:42 Diagnosis of Behçet’s disease
4:30 Treatment of Behçet’s disease

Behçet’s disease (BD) is a type of inflammatory disorder which affects multiple parts of the body.[1] The most common symptoms include painful mouth sores, genital sores, inflammation of parts of the eye, and arthritis.[2][1] The sores typically last a few days.[1] Less commonly there may be inflammation of the brain or spinal cord, blood clots, aneurysms, or blindness.[2][1] Often, the symptoms come and go.[2]

The cause is unknown.[2] It is believed to be partly genetic.[1] Behçet’s is not contagious.[2] Diagnosis is based on at least three episodes of mouth sores in a year together with at least two of the following: genital sores, eye inflammation, skin sores, a positive skin prick test.[2]

There is no cure.[2] Treatments may include immunosuppressive medication such as corticosteroids and lifestyle changes.[2] Lidocaine mouthwash may help with the pain.[1] Colchicine may decrease the frequency of attacks.[1] The condition often improves with the passage of time.[1]

While rare in the United States and Europe, it is more common in the Middle East and Asia.[1] In Turkey, for example, about 2 per 1,000 are affected.[1] Onset is usually in a person’s 20s or 40s.[2][1] The disease was initially described by Turkish dermatologist Hulusi Behçet in 1937.[3]

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What is Behcet’s disease? Behcet’s disease, or Behcet disease, is a type of immune-mediated vasculitis, meaning inflammation of the blood vessels, and can affect small, medium, or large arteries or veins. Find more videos at http://osms.it/more.

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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
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An introduction to Behcet’s Syndrome, including epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis. This is part of Strong Medicine’s series on Underappreciated Diseases.

There is a variety of ways in which the Behcet of Behcet’s Syndrome is pronounced around the world. In this video, I pronounce this condition with a soft ch sound (“beh-shet’s”), which is by far the most common pronunciation in the US. Internet references state that in Turkey (the home of Dr. Behcet), Behcet is pronounced with a hard ch (“Beh-chet’s”). However, the word should definitely *not* be pronounced with a silent T (“Beh-shay”).

#BehcetSyndrome #BehcetsSyndrome #BehcetDisease
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Aetiology of disease caused by external factors.
The cause of a disease is correctly described as the aetiology. Aetiology is ‘that which causes’. Factors which may be involved in disease causation are therefore termed aetiological factors. So the aetiology causes the pathophysiology which in turn generates the clinical features of the disease. Aetiological factors may arise from within the individual, or from the environment the person is exposed to. Factors arising from within are called endogenous; those from the environment are exogenous.
Any factor from the environment which contributes to disease aetiology is exogenous. These factors are also commonly referred to as environmental. This environment includes the one experienced in the uterus, before birth.
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Brief overview of 10 categories of disease causes

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