NYU Langone gastroenterologist Dr. Ariela Holmer explains the five symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease you should always consult your doctor about.

Learn more about the five symptoms: https://nyulangone.org/news/five-inflammatory-bowel-disease-symptoms-you-should-never-ignore

Learn more about how we diagnose and treat inflammatory bowel disease: https://nyulangone.org/conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease

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Learn more about NYU Langone’s Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center: https://nyulangone.org/locations/inflammatory-bowel-disease-center
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CBS News chief medical correspondent Dr. Jon LaPook spoke with Dr. Mark Pimentel, a leading gastroenterology expert from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, whose research is uncovering roots of irritable bowel syndrome.

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What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? IBS is a condition that involves recurrent abdominal pain as well as abnormal bowel motility, which can include diarrhea and/or constipation.

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Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. Under a microscope, they look like balls, rods, or spirals. They are so small that a line of 1,000 could fit across a pencil eraser. Most types of don’t make you sick. Many types are helpful. Some of them help to digest food, destroy disease-causing cells, and give the body needed vitamins. Bacteria are also used in making healthy foods like yogurt and cheese.

But infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick. Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli.

Antibiotics are the usual treatment. When you take antibiotics, follow the directions carefully. Each time you take antibiotics, you increase the chances that bacteria in your body will learn to resist them causing antibiotic resistance. Later, you could get or spread an infection that those antibiotics cannot cure.

NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Introduction to infectious diseases: microorganisms, normal microbial flora, routes of transmission, virulence factors, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. For patient education.
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Infectious diseases are disorders caused by microorganisms, or microbes, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. There are trillions of microbe species, but only several thousands are disease-causing organisms, or pathogens. In fact, many species live inside or on human body, constituting the so-called normal microbial flora, which is not only harmless but also helpful in protecting the human host from invasion by pathogens.
Infectious diseases can be acquired in different ways: through direct or non-direct contacts with an infected person, via consumption of contaminated foods, having a contaminated medical device, from an infected mother to the child during pregnancy or birth, via contacts with an infected animal or animal waste, or through bites from carriers, such as mosquitoes or ticks.
The pathogens can be inhaled in contaminated aerosol droplets, consumed in food or drinks, or enter the nose, mouth, or eyes as people handle contaminated objects then touch their face. Organisms that spread through body fluids are usually transmitted via sexual contacts, blood transfer or skin wounds.
The normal flora is usually harmless, but can cause disease in people with a weakened immune system. Resident bacteria may also cause infection if they enter parts of the body that are supposed to be free of germs, which can happen during an injury or surgery. Overuse of antibiotics may kill protective bacteria, allowing opportunistic pathogens to thrive and cause disease.
The ability of an organism to infect and damage a host is determined by its virulence. The higher the virulence of a pathogen, the more severe the disease it can cause. Virulence factors are molecules or structures that enable the pathogen to invade host tissues or evade immune defense.
Some bacteria use adhesive hair-like projections, called fimbriae or pili, to bind to host cells and establish a starting point for tissue invasion; others use specialized molecules, called adhesins, for the same purpose. Viruses use spike proteins on their surface to bind and enter host cells.
Some bacteria have a capsule that helps them resist being “eaten” by phagocytes. Others produce enzymes or toxins that prevent phagosome maturation or counteract the lytic effect of lysozyme.
Pathogens are capable of interfering with virtually any aspects of the host immune system. Among other mechanisms, they can impair antibody production, or produce super-antigens, which induce non-specific activation of T-cells and massive cytokine release.
Some viruses can remain dormant inside host cells, effectively hiding from the host immune system.
Bacteria may develop resistance to antibiotics, thus evading treatment.
Uncontrolled growth of pathogens destroys host tissues, producing symptoms. Infection triggers the body’s inflammatory response, which brings immune cells to the site to fight the invader. While inflammation is an important defense mechanism, it may become excessive and cause damage to the body’s own tissues, contributing to the severity of the disease.
Many bacteria release exotoxins that cause damage to body systems. Most toxins are produced during the course of infection, but there are also pre-formed toxins, such as those responsible for food poisoning, that can evoke disease even in the absence of the bacteria.
Gram-negative bacteria have an endotoxin as part of their outer membrane. This endotoxin is responsible for excessive release of inflammatory mediators and pro-coagulant factors that can be lethal in septic patients.
Diagnosis is based on symptoms and lab tests that indicate the presence, and possibly, identity of the pathogen.
Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics are used to treat infections by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, respectively.
Transmission of infectious diseases can be largely minimized by practicing personal hygiene, especially hand washing. Vaccines, when available, are the most effective prevention measures. Antibiotics may sometimes be given for prophylactic purposes.

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Physicians with the Beacon Center for Infectious Diseases – specialists in diagnosing and treating infections – discuss a common health care associated infection called Clostridium difficile or “C. diff.”

C. diff can be a serious infection that causes symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon. It’s linked to an estimated 14,000 deaths in the U.S. each year. The infection most commonly affects people staying in a hospital or long-term health care facility and usually occurs after the use of antibiotics.

To reach our Beacon Center, call 303-415-8850. For more information, visit https://www.bch.org/beacon-center/bea…
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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
0:50 Causes of Behçet’s disease
1:30 Symptoms of Behçet’s disease
3:42 Diagnosis of Behçet’s disease
4:30 Treatment of Behçet’s disease

Behçet’s disease (BD) is a type of inflammatory disorder which affects multiple parts of the body.[1] The most common symptoms include painful mouth sores, genital sores, inflammation of parts of the eye, and arthritis.[2][1] The sores typically last a few days.[1] Less commonly there may be inflammation of the brain or spinal cord, blood clots, aneurysms, or blindness.[2][1] Often, the symptoms come and go.[2]

The cause is unknown.[2] It is believed to be partly genetic.[1] Behçet’s is not contagious.[2] Diagnosis is based on at least three episodes of mouth sores in a year together with at least two of the following: genital sores, eye inflammation, skin sores, a positive skin prick test.[2]

There is no cure.[2] Treatments may include immunosuppressive medication such as corticosteroids and lifestyle changes.[2] Lidocaine mouthwash may help with the pain.[1] Colchicine may decrease the frequency of attacks.[1] The condition often improves with the passage of time.[1]

While rare in the United States and Europe, it is more common in the Middle East and Asia.[1] In Turkey, for example, about 2 per 1,000 are affected.[1] Onset is usually in a person’s 20s or 40s.[2][1] The disease was initially described by Turkish dermatologist Hulusi Behçet in 1937.[3]

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Hepatitis C Virus is a common cause of Liver SCARRING ~ Cirrhosis. It is the the most common reason for Liver Transplant is the US. This dangerous disease that can be PREVENTED & TREATED. Learn how Hepatitis C affects our body? How Hep C virus enters our body and how does it spread to others? How can Hep C be prevented? What is Cirrhosis? and how is Hep C treated? Ask Dr. SMART!
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May is Celiac disease awareness month. Dr. Wahid Wassef, MD, MPH, FACG, director of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the UArizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, explains more about this autoimmune disease and how to get tested if you think you may have it.
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Beriberi (Thiamine Deficiency): Wet vs Dry Beriberi, Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Beriberi is a set of two conditions (Wet beriberi and Dry beriberi) that are caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). Wet and dry beriberi have different pathophysiological mechanisms and different clinical features. In this lesson, we discuss the risk factors for getting beriberi, the pathophysiology of wet and dry beriberi, the signs and symptoms of both wet and dry beriberi, along with how clinicians diagnose and treat these conditions.

I hope you find this lesson helpful. If you do, please like and subscribe for more lessons like this one!

JJ

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What is Behcet’s disease? Behcet’s disease, or Behcet disease, is a type of immune-mediated vasculitis, meaning inflammation of the blood vessels, and can affect small, medium, or large arteries or veins. Find more videos at http://osms.it/more.

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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
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An introduction to Behcet’s Syndrome, including epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis. This is part of Strong Medicine’s series on Underappreciated Diseases.

There is a variety of ways in which the Behcet of Behcet’s Syndrome is pronounced around the world. In this video, I pronounce this condition with a soft ch sound (“beh-shet’s”), which is by far the most common pronunciation in the US. Internet references state that in Turkey (the home of Dr. Behcet), Behcet is pronounced with a hard ch (“Beh-chet’s”). However, the word should definitely *not* be pronounced with a silent T (“Beh-shay”).

#BehcetSyndrome #BehcetsSyndrome #BehcetDisease
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(USMLE topics) Crohn disease: pathophysiology, symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications, diagnosis and treatments. This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/narrated-videos-by-topics/digestive-diseases/-/medias/47f8d399-6671-487c-909c-2ed1eb5b6a77-crohn-s-disease-narrated-animation
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Crohn’s disease is one of the 2 major forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation caused by Crohn’s disease may affect any parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but it most commonly involves the end of the small bowel, the ileum, and the beginning of the colon. The inflammation is not continuous, inflamed segments are usually interrupted by normal healthy tissues.
Most people experience recurrent flares, when the disease is active, followed by symptom-free periods of remission.
Symptoms may differ depending on the parts of the digestive tract that are affected. Most common signs include diarrhea, abdominal pain and tenderness, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue and fever. Blood in stools occurs when the colon is involved; nausea and vomiting are usually the signs that the stomach or the first part of the small intestine is affected. About one third of patients present with perianal disease, including abscess, fistulas and ulcers. The disease also often manifests outside the intestine, especially in the joints, skin, and eyes.
Inflammation in Crohn’s disease extends to the entire thickness of the intestinal wall. Deep lesions in the mucosa often alternate with areas of mucosal swelling, creating a characteristic cobblestoned appearance. Extensive inflammation may cause thickening of the bowel wall and hypertrophy of the mesenteric fat that wraps around the intestine (creeping fat). Intestinal wall thickening, together with scar formation, may block the flow of digestive content, leading to bowel obstruction. Ulcers can extend through the bowel wall and form tunnels, called fistulas, which may connect to other loops of the intestine, to abdominal organs, muscles and even skin. A fistula may become infected and form abscesses, which can be life-threatening if not treated. In the long-term, Crohn’s disease may increase risks for colon cancers.
The disease has a major peak of onset between the age of 20 and 30, and a smaller peak later in life. White individuals, people with family history, and smokers are at higher risks.
The exact mechanism of Crohn’s disease is not fully understood, but it likely involves both genetic and environmental factors. Multiple genes are identified, most of which act in the immune system, or in maintaining the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. This barrier separates the gut content from the underlying immune system, preventing the body from reacting to dietary antigens and resident bacteria of the gut. A crack in the barrier may increase the chance that the immune system overreacts to non-pathogenic antigens from the gut content.
Involvement of environmental factors is evidenced by higher disease incidence in developed countries, especially urban areas.
Diagnosis is made based on a combination of tests and imaging procedures.
Treatments start with dietary management to maintain good nutrition but avoid foods that may exacerbate symptoms. Some patients may benefit from nutrition therapy, a special diet given via a feeding tube or injected into a vein. The therapy provides nutrition while allowing the bowel to rest, reducing inflammation.
A number of medications can be prescribed depending on disease severity and the patient’s response to different drugs. These may include: antidiarrheals, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunomodulators and biologics.
Abscesses and fistulas are drained and treated with antibiotics.
Nearly half of patients require at least one surgery to manage recurrent intestinal obstructions or complicated fistulas or abscesses. Surgical removal of the diseased parts of the bowel may improve symptoms temporarily, but is not a cure, because the disease is likely to recur, usually near the reconnected tissue.
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Crohn’s disease is difficult to diagnose, because the symptoms overlap with other diseases. Physicals, x-rays, colonoscopies and biopsies aid in diagnosis.
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